Horsewood® — daily support for energy, stamina & focus

An essential mineral with authorised roles in the maintenance of normal testosterone levels in the blood, normal immune function and normal cognitive function. Alongside magnesium it is the most firmly grounded ingredient in the bottle — see the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements zinc fact sheet.

Involved in hundreds of enzymatic reactions, with recognised roles in normal muscle function, normal protein synthesis, electrolyte balance and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. A large share of adults fall short of recommended intakes, which is what makes it a sensible inclusion rather than a decorative one.

An adaptogenic herb central to Ayurvedic practice for over two thousand years and the most researched botanical in this category, examined in randomised trials for the body's response to everyday stress and for perceived sleep quality. The NCCIH evidence summary is worth reading before buying any formula containing it.

An Arctic adaptogen with a research base focused on mental fatigue and perceived exertion. Trials are generally small and quality varies, but it is a genuine research subject rather than a filler ingredient.

An Ayurvedic herb whose bacosides are the most consistently studied plant compounds for memory retention and rate of learning. The pattern across the literature is cumulative: outcomes are measured at 8 and 12 weeks, not in the first fortnight.

One of the most-studied botanicals in the world, examined largely around cerebral circulation and cognitive measures with results that have not converged. Important safety note: Ginkgo may affect platelet function, so anyone on blood thinners needs medical clearance.

A catechin-rich extract studied for antioxidant activity and metabolic markers. It carries a small amount of naturally occurring caffeine, which is why this formula is best described as low-stimulant rather than stimulant-free.

Its active curcuminoids are among the most heavily researched plant compounds of the last two decades, chiefly around inflammatory markers. Bioavailability is the perennial limitation, which is why formulations vary so widely in effect.

Rich in oligomeric proanthocyanidins, studied for antioxidant activity and vascular measures. It sits on the circulation-support side of the blend alongside Ginkgo.

A cruciferous root grown above 4,000 metres in the Peruvian Andes and eaten there for centuries to support energy and endurance under hard conditions. Its modern research base is early-stage; it is here on traditional grounds and for the stamina side of the formula.

Two of the best-known traditional immune botanicals. Elderberry has a small research literature around upper-respiratory symptom duration; echinacea's trial record is famously inconsistent. Both are included on traditional grounds.

A blue-green algae used as a nutrient-dense food source, supplying protein, B vitamins and pigments with antioxidant properties. It is a nutritional inclusion rather than a mechanistic one.